{"id":7856,"date":"2020-01-30T11:20:27","date_gmt":"2020-01-30T14:20:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tdibrasil.org\/?p=5618"},"modified":"2020-01-30T11:20:27","modified_gmt":"2020-01-30T14:20:27","slug":"an-open-letter-to-ewert-and-others-on-natural-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tdibrasil.org\/index.php\/2020\/01\/30\/an-open-letter-to-ewert-and-others-on-natural-system\/","title":{"rendered":"An Open Letter to Ewert and Others On Natural System"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"
About Systema Naturae<\/center><\/figcaption><\/figure>\nVers\u00e3o em portugu\u00eas<\/a><\/p>\n
\n
My friends,<\/p>\n

I have seeing some posts about something as a graph dependence to explain the Natural System. Our friends have called “dependency graph hypothesis”. Andrew Jones says<\/a>:<\/p>\n

\n

Winston Ewert has proposed the dependency graph hypothesis as a superior explanation that explains the organization of high-level biological data in terms of design.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Cornelius Hunter exposes<\/a> overwhelming superiority: “we now have detailed, quantitative results demonstrating this. And Ewert provides a new model, with a far superior fit to the data”.<\/p>\n

Andrew Jones uses dependency hypothesis<\/a> to explain that “A Suspicious Pattern of Deletion<\/a>” suggesting that life is better explained by dependency graph than phylogenetic tree.<\/p>\n

Brian Milller was more careful, he says about Ewert’s work<\/a>: “represents only the first step in evaluating and developing his framework. Still, the significance of this research cannot be overstated”. In any case, we have now many possibilities.<\/p>\n

Linnean Roots of Natural System:<\/strong> The tree pattern underlies organic systems<\/em><\/p>\n

I think that we have now a na\u00efve view of Natural System design overall. I think that we should maintaining our Linnaean roots and our models tree-based recovering our primacy in these fields.<\/p>\n

With the development of technologies of a higher level of engineering, man was faced with the imbrication of information in its developments. Information systems have become the heart of their creations. All dynamics essentially migrated from the physical structure to the information core (software). The modes of development to organize this information became more sophisticated and this was reflected in the structure of the systems.<\/p>\n

Therefore, through the analysis of the structure of a system, it is possible to infer the method used in its constitution. The logic of our latest technologies begins to look more and more like the forms of the Natural System (living beings and their relations), the result is surprisingly positive in comparison, which justifies the inference to design in the causal history of biological organisms.<\/p>\n

Nature of Informational Systems:<\/strong>\u00a0Hierarchies (Trees)<\/em><\/p>\n

There we have so many trees in computer engineering (Binary tree, Merkle tree, Huffman tree, Red\u2013black tree, priority tree, events tree… and so on) that we can ask at some point: “Am I studying computer science or agronomy?” The tree structure is, I think, the best way to work and organize information.<\/p>\n

And the examples for learning programming informational systems? All use analogies with the Natural System. The Natural System is obviously the clearest and perfect model to follow when we know everything that must be made. But isn’t about common descent, instead: is a better and strong design model. It was already knew in the past. No evolutionist can puts out why Linnean’s hierarquical patterns, also was used by creationists like Cuvier, remain, the history of knowledge is a succession of forgettings. Complex systems require nested hierarchies (timeless inheritance), every essentialist knew this.<\/p>\n

Natural System:<\/strong> Archetypes versus Common Descent<\/em><\/p>\n

In the past, what we now call nodes (classes) were viewed as archetypes that underlies and constrain organisms. These archetypes would form a hierarchical nesting a taxonomic relationships among organisms that reflects the implementation method (an informational timeless inheritance). In an evolutionary perspective, all homology are results of common descent. Organisms share the same basic blueprints not because they are instances derived from archetypes, but because they have inherited the patters from a common ancestor, and this has been retained by all subsequent lineages.<\/p>\n

Timelessness:<\/strong> Foreknowledge or Prescience<\/em><\/p>\n

But… if all life could be evaluated as a engineering, the version is the same at all. Each “level”, that corresponds a node in the tree, appear “frozen”. Beginning with the genetic code, called the “frozen accident”. Only a robust project presents such timelessness. Each node of the tree is frozen and the cores don’t change. They see it as “conserved” and use as evidence of common descent. There could be a theory of change and “many possibilities” with a so static core? Is it just that the similarity of this invariability is an “argument for change”? I don’t think so: specific and “islanded” patterns require a very special initial fine adjustment.<\/p>\n

Design Unity Argument:<\/strong> Dependency & Natural System<\/em><\/p>\n

The inheritance by common descent or by design has a same pattern, at first sight. But there is a big problem with inheritance implementation in both. This is a terrible method to increase new levels of complexity. “It turns out to be unwieldy and inflexible.” says<\/a> Andrew Jones. And he quotes<\/a> why:<\/p>\n

\n

But the really big problem with inheritance is that you\u2019re encouraged to predict the future. Inheritance encourages you to build this taxonomy of objects very early on in your project, and you are most likely going to make design mistakes doing that, because humans cannot predict the future (even though it feels like we can), and getting out of these inheritiance taxonomies is a lot harder than getting out of them.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Thus, the inheritance method restricts the possibilities of the next levels of complexity and makes diversity unfeasible. It is very difficult to work with inheritance because it requires foresight (unless you already know all future demands of the system).<\/p>\n

How we solve it? We have to constantly start over from scratch to make the perfect tree (timeless inheritance) or use composition method (that generate dependency graph). Would blind evolution be so lucky as to be better than us?<\/p>\n

Darwin’s Trap<\/strong><\/p>\n

So, what makes the darwinism grow up? Three things: materialistic promissory notes, forgetfulness about better models and ignorance about organisms. The first is positive and the others negative, together them made everything possible.<\/p>\n

Darwin says:<\/p>\n

\n

On the view that each species has been independently created, I can see no explanation of this great fact in the classification of all organic beings…<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

And… he compares life with stellar classification…<\/p>\n

\n

But with organic beings the case is different, and the view above given accords with their natural arrangement in group under group; and no other explanation has ever been attempted.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Pay attention in “no other explanation has ever been attempted”. And he adds:<\/p>\n

\n

If species had been independently created, no explanation would have been possible of this kind of classification.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Here, at least, he recognized that tree system is before and, so, independently from his ideas:<\/p>\n

\n

The affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree. I believe this simile largely speaks the truth.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Everything on “Origin of Species” (1859).<\/p>\n

He was being ignorant about what ought to know or dishonest. What is worse?<\/p>\n

In my opinion? He was lying or omitting, knowing the power of forgetfulness in the history of knowledge. In fact, in terms of knowledge: On ne d\u00e9truit r\u00e9ellement que ce qu’on remplace (We only really destroy what we replace).<\/p>\n

And so… “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution!” We have to show that there is no such explanatory exclusivity.<\/p>\n

The conflict of the interpretations of the Natural System favors the design in any case. Even if the phylogenetic tree of all life was perfect (inheritance), the best explanation would be design by the force of coherence, which would require astonishing prescience (foresight) of several levels surpassing all the capacity of human engineering. In the case of composition, it is clearly a set of violations of common descent that becomes unjustifiable by any evolutionary perspective. But the tree model is fundamental.<\/p>\n

I ask you to think about it carefully.
\n<\/strong>
\nBest regards,
\nEskelsen<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Vers\u00e3o em portugu\u00eas<\/h4>\n
Meus amigos,<\/p>\n

Tenho visto alguns posts sobre algo como um gr\u00e1fico de depend\u00eancia para explicar o Sistema Natural. Nossos amigos chamam de “hip\u00f3tese do gr\u00e1fico de depend\u00eancia”. Andrew Jones disse<\/a>:<\/p>\n

\n

Winston Ewert prop\u00f4s a hip\u00f3tese do gr\u00e1fico de depend\u00eancia como uma explica\u00e7\u00e3o superior que explica a organiza\u00e7\u00e3o de dados biol\u00f3gicos de alto n\u00edvel em termos de design.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Cornelius Hunter exp\u00f5e<\/a> uma superioridade esmagadora: \u201cagora temos resultados quantitativos detalhados demonstrando isso. E Ewert fornece um novo modelo, com um ajuste muito superior aos dados\u201d.<\/p>\n

Andrew Jones usa a hip\u00f3tese de depend\u00eancia<\/a> para explicar que “Um Padr\u00e3o Suspeito de Dele\u00e7\u00f5es<\/a>” sugere que a vida \u00e9 melhor explicada pelo gr\u00e1fico de depend\u00eancia do que a \u00e1rvore filogen\u00e9tica.<\/p>\n

Brian Milller foi mais cuidadoso, ele comentou que o trabalho de Ewert<\/a> “representa apenas o primeiro passo na avalia\u00e7\u00e3o e desenvolvimento de sua estrutura. Ainda assim, n\u00e3o se pode exagerar sobre o significado desta pesquisa”. De qualquer forma, agora temos muitas possibilidades.<\/p>\n

Ra\u00edzes Linneanas do Sistema Natural:<\/strong> O padr\u00e3o das \u00e1rvores est\u00e1 na base dos sistemas org\u00e2nicos<\/em><\/p>\n

Penso que agora temos uma vis\u00e3o ing\u00eanua do design do Sistema Natural em geral. Penso que devemos manter nossas ra\u00edzes linnaeanas e nossos modelos baseados em \u00e1rvores, recuperando nossa primazia nesses campos.<\/p>\n

Com o desenvolvimento de tecnologias de n\u00edvel superior de engenharia, o homem se viu diante da imbrica\u00e7\u00e3o de informa\u00e7\u00f5es em seus desenvolvimentos. Os sistemas de informa\u00e7\u00e3o se tornaram o cora\u00e7\u00e3o de suas cria\u00e7\u00f5es. Toda din\u00e2mica migrou essencialmente da estrutura f\u00edsica para o n\u00facleo de informa\u00e7\u00f5es (software). Os modos de desenvolvimento para organizar essas informa\u00e7\u00f5es se tornaram mais sofisticados e isso se refletiu na estrutura dos sistemas.<\/p>\n

Portanto, atrav\u00e9s da an\u00e1lise da estrutura de um sistema, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel inferir o m\u00e9todo utilizado em sua constitui\u00e7\u00e3o. A l\u00f3gica de nossas mais recentes tecnologias come\u00e7a a se parecer cada vez mais com as formas do sistema natural (seres vivos e suas rela\u00e7\u00f5es); o resultado \u00e9 surpreendentemente positivo em compara\u00e7\u00e3o, o que justifica a infer\u00eancia ao design na hist\u00f3ria causal dos organismos biol\u00f3gicos.<\/p>\n

Natureza dos sistemas informacionais:<\/strong>\u00a0hierarquias (\u00e1rvores)<\/em><\/p>\n

H\u00e1 tantas \u00e1rvores em engenharia de computa\u00e7\u00e3o (\u00e1rvore bin\u00e1ria, \u00e1rvore Merkle, \u00e1rvore Huffman, \u00e1rvore vermelho-preta, \u00e1rvore priorit\u00e1ria, \u00e1rvore de eventos … e assim por diante) que podemos perguntar em algum momento: “Estou estudando ci\u00eancia da computa\u00e7\u00e3o ou agronomia?” acho que a estrutura em \u00e1rvore \u00e9 a melhor maneira de trabalhar e organizar as informa\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\n

E os exemplos ao aprender a programar sistemas informacionais? Todos usam analogias com o sistema natural. O Sistema Natural \u00e9 obviamente o modelo mais claro e perfeito a ser seguido quando sabemos tudo o que deve ser feito. Mas n\u00e3o se trata de descidas incomuns: \u00e9 um modelo de design melhor e mais forte. J\u00e1 era conhecido no passado. Nenhum evolucionista pode explicar porque os padr\u00f5es hier\u00e1rquicos de Linnean, tamb\u00e9m usados ??por criacionistas como Cuvier, permaneceram, a hist\u00f3ria do conhecimento \u00e9 uma sucess\u00e3o de esquecimentos. Sistemas complexos requerem hierarquias aninhadas (heran\u00e7a atemporal), todo essencialista sabia disso.<\/p>\n

Sistema Natural:<\/strong> Arqu\u00e9tipos versus Ancestralidade Comum<\/em><\/p>\n

No passado, o que chamamos de n\u00f3s (classes) era visto como arqu\u00e9tipos subjacentes e restritos aos organismos. Esses arqu\u00e9tipos formam um agrupamento hier\u00e1rquico de rela\u00e7\u00f5es taxon\u00f4micas entre organismos que refletem o m\u00e9todo de implementa\u00e7\u00e3o (uma heran\u00e7a atemporal informacional). J\u00e1 em uma perspectiva evolutiva, toda homologia \u00e9 resultado de ancestralidade comum. Os organismos compartilham os mesmos projetos b\u00e1sicos, n\u00e3o porque s\u00e3o inst\u00e2ncias derivadas de arqu\u00e9tipos, mas porque os padr\u00f5es s\u00e3o herdados de um ancestral comum, e isso foi mantido por todas as linhagens subsequentes.<\/p>\n

Atemporalidade:<\/strong> Antevid\u00eancia ou Presci\u00eancia<\/em><\/p>\n

Mas … se toda a vida puder ser avaliada como engenharia, a vers\u00e3o ser\u00e1 a mesma. Cada “n\u00edvel”, que corresponde a um n\u00f3 na \u00e1rvore, aparece “congelado”. Come\u00e7ando com o c\u00f3digo gen\u00e9tico, chamado de “acidente congelado”. Somente um projeto robusto apresenta tal atemporalidade. Cada n\u00f3 da \u00e1rvore est\u00e1 congelado e os n\u00facleos n\u00e3o mudam. Eles v\u00eaem isso como algo \u201cconservado\u201d e usam como evid\u00eancia de ancestralidade comum. Como poderia haver uma teoria baseada em mudan\u00e7as e \u201cmuitas possibilidades\u201d com um n\u00facleo t\u00e3o est\u00e1tico? E justo a semelhan\u00e7a dessa invariabilidade ser “argumento de mudan\u00e7a”? Eu acho que n\u00e3o: padr\u00f5es espec\u00edficos e “ilhados” exigem um ajuste fino inicial muito especial.<\/p>\n

Argumento da Unidade de Design:<\/strong> Depend\u00eancia e Sistema Natural<\/em><\/p>\n

A heran\u00e7a por descend\u00eancia comum ou por design tem um mesmo padr\u00e3o, \u00e0 primeira vista. Mas h\u00e1 um grande problema com a implementa\u00e7\u00e3o de heran\u00e7a em ambos. Este \u00e9 um m\u00e9todo terr\u00edvel para aumentar novos n\u00edveis de complexidade. “Isso acaba sendo pesado e inflex\u00edvel”, diz<\/a> Andrew Jones. E ele cita<\/a> o porqu\u00ea<\/p>\n

\n

Mas o grande problema com a heran\u00e7a \u00e9 que voc\u00ea \u00e9 incentivado a prever o futuro. A heran\u00e7a o encoraja a criar essa taxonomia de objetos muito cedo no seu projeto, e voc\u00ea provavelmente cometer\u00e1 erros de design fazendo isso, porque os humanos n\u00e3o podem prever o futuro (mesmo que pare\u00e7a que podemos), e sair dessas taxonomias de heran\u00e7a \u00e9 muito mais dif\u00edcil do que permanecer nelas.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Assim, o m\u00e9todo de heran\u00e7a restringe as possibilidades dos pr\u00f3ximos n\u00edveis de complexidade e inviabiliza a diversidade. \u00c9 muito dif\u00edcil trabalhar com heran\u00e7a, porque exige previs\u00e3o (a menos que voc\u00ea j\u00e1 conhe\u00e7a todas as demandas futuras do sistema).<\/p>\n

Como resolvemos isso? Temos que come\u00e7ar constantemente do zero para criar a \u00e1rvore perfeita (heran\u00e7a atemporal) ou usar o m\u00e9todo de composi\u00e7\u00e3o (que gera gr\u00e1fico de depend\u00eancia). A evolu\u00e7\u00e3o cega teria a mesma sorte de ser melhor do que n\u00f3s?<\/p>\n

Armadilha de Darwin<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ent\u00e3o, o que faz o darwinismo crescer? Tr\u00eas coisas: promiss\u00f3rias materialistas, esquecimento sobre melhores modelos e ignor\u00e2ncia sobre organismos. O primeiro \u00e9 positivo e os outros negativos, juntos tornaram tudo poss\u00edvel.<\/p>\n

Darwin diz:<\/p>\n

\n

Na vis\u00e3o de que cada esp\u00e9cie foi criada independentemente, n\u00e3o vejo explica\u00e7\u00e3o para esse grande fato na classifica\u00e7\u00e3o de todos os seres org\u00e2nicos …<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

E … ele compara a vida com a classifica\u00e7\u00e3o de estrelas …<\/p>\n

\n

Mas, para os seres org\u00e2nicos, o caso \u00e9 diferente, e a vis\u00e3o acima apresentada concorda com seu arranjo natural em grupo sob grupo; e n\u00e3o tentaram nenhuma explica\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Preste aten\u00e7\u00e3o em “n\u00e3o tentaram nenhuma explica\u00e7\u00e3o”. Ele acrescenta:<\/p>\n

\n

Se as esp\u00e9cies tivessem sido criadas independentemente, nenhuma explica\u00e7\u00e3o teria sido poss\u00edvel para esse tipo de classifica\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Aqui, pelo menos, ele reconheceu que o sistema de \u00e1rvores \u00e9 anterior e, portanto, independente de suas ideias:<\/p>\n

\n

As afinidades de todos os seres da mesma classe foram \u00e0s vezes representadas por uma grande \u00e1rvore. Eu acredito que essa compara\u00e7\u00e3o diz em grande parte a verdade.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Todas as cita\u00e7\u00f5es de “Origem das Esp\u00e9cies” (1859).<\/p>\n

Ele estava sendo ignorante sobre o que deveria saber ou desonesto. O que \u00e9 pior?<\/p>\n

Na minha opini\u00e3o? Ele estava mentindo ou omitindo, sabendo do poder do esquecimento na hist\u00f3ria do conhecimento. De fato, em termos de conhecimento: On ne d\u00e9truit r\u00e9ellement que ce qu\u2019on remplace (destru\u00edmos realmente apenas o que substitu\u00edmos).<\/p>\n

E assim … \u201cNada na biologia faz sentido, exceto \u00e0 luz da evolu\u00e7\u00e3o!\u201d Temos que mostrar que n\u00e3o existe uma exclusividade explicativa.<\/p>\n

O conflito das interpreta\u00e7\u00f5es do Sistema Natural favorece o design em qualquer caso. Mesmo que a \u00e1rvore filogen\u00e9tica de toda a vida fosse perfeita (heran\u00e7a), a melhor explica\u00e7\u00e3o seria design pela for\u00e7a da coer\u00eancia, o que exigiria uma surpreendente presci\u00eancia (previs\u00e3o) de v\u00e1rios n\u00edveis, superando toda a capacidade da engenharia humana. No caso da composi\u00e7\u00e3o, \u00e9 claramente um conjunto de viola\u00e7\u00f5es da ancestralidade comum que se torna injustific\u00e1vel por qualquer perspectiva evolutiva. Mas o modelo de \u00e1rvore \u00e9 fundamental.<\/p>\n

Pe\u00e7o que pensem sobre isso com cuidado.<\/p>\n

Cumprimentos,
\nEskelsen<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Even if the phylogenetic tree of all life was perfect, the best explanation would be design by the force of coherence, which would require astonishing prescience (foresight) of several levels surpassing all the capacity of human engineering.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7133,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[41,16,19,22,33,38],"tags":[650],"class_list":["post-7856","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-conceitos","category-especial","category-filogenia","category-filosofia-do-design","category-modelo-teorico","category-serie-ouro","tag-natural-system"],"yoast_head":"\nAn Open Letter to Ewert and Others On Natural System » Portal TDI Brasil +<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Even if the phylogenetic tree of all life was perfect, the best explanation would be design by the force of 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