{"id":5040,"date":"2019-01-25T05:38:39","date_gmt":"2019-01-25T07:38:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tdibrasil.org\/?p=5040"},"modified":"2026-06-15T19:41:31","modified_gmt":"2026-06-15T22:41:31","slug":"tudo-que-o-espaco-conseguiu-produzir-em-moleculas-complexas-ate-agora","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tdibrasil.org\/index.php\/2019\/01\/25\/tudo-que-o-espaco-conseguiu-produzir-em-moleculas-complexas-ate-agora\/","title":{"rendered":"Tudo que o Espa\u00e7o Conseguiu Produzir em Mol\u00e9culas Complexas At\u00e9 Agora"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Um artigo<\/a> publicado no The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series<\/em> em Novembro do ano passado faz um levantamento de todas as mol\u00e9culas encontradas no meio interestelar, circum-estelar, extragal\u00e1tico protoplanet\u00e1rio e exoplanet\u00e1rio [1]. At\u00e9 o momento, 204 tipos de mol\u00e9culas individuais, compostas de 16 elementos diferentes, foram detectadas. Essas mol\u00e9culas variam em tamanho de 2 a 70 \u00e1tomos.<\/p>\n

Abaixo eu resumi as tabelas em uma rela\u00e7\u00e3o “esp\u00e9cies por n\u00famero de \u00e1tomos”, porque a tend\u00eancia a forma\u00e7\u00e3o de macromol\u00e9culas \u00e9 uma expectativa para a origem da vida. Caso queira conferir quais esp\u00e9cies moleculares correspondem aos valores da tabela, acesse o artigo aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Tabela de mol\u00e9culas por n\u00famero de \u00e1tomos<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\u00c1tomos<\/b><\/td>\nEsp\u00e9cies<\/strong><\/td>\nFrequ\u00eancia relativa (%)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\n49<\/td>\n22,897 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\n43<\/td>\n20,093 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\n28<\/td>\n13,084 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\n24<\/td>\n11,214 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\n19<\/td>\n8,8785 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\n11<\/td>\n5,1401 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\n12<\/td>\n5,6074 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\n11<\/td>\n5,1401 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n2,8037 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n1,8691 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n1,4018 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n0,4672 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fulereno (60-70)<\/td>\n3<\/td>\nComposto inorg\u00e2nico. 1,4018 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

Perceba que a ocorr\u00eancia diminui conforme o n\u00famero de \u00e1tomos aumenta. Por qu\u00ea? Porque a tend\u00eancia natural, quando envolvida nesta din\u00e2mica, desfaz macromol\u00e9culas (ou mesmo pequenas mol\u00e9culas). Em outras palavras: as tend\u00eancias naturais normalmente n\u00e3o favorecem e, quando atuam, geralmente s\u00e3o desfavor\u00e1veis.<\/p>\n

As mol\u00e9culas de fulereno foram, mas s\u00e3o totalmente desinteressantes para hip\u00f3teses astrobiol\u00f3gicas por serem inorg\u00e2nicas: estruturas de carbono puro. Apesar disso, alguns especulam que ele atuou de “molde universal” para a vida [2].<\/p>\n

As mol\u00e9culas da vida<\/strong><\/p>\n

Se considerarmos mol\u00e9culas pr\u00e9-bi\u00f3ticas interessantes a origem da vida, mon\u00f4meros de RNA possuem muito mais \u00e1tomos do que os amino\u00e1cidos, mas mesmo o menor amino\u00e1cido possui 10 \u00e1tomos (glicina). As menores sequ\u00eancias de import\u00e2ncia metab\u00f3lica (enzimas) n\u00e3o devem ser menores que 62 amino\u00e1cidos [3]. Escolhi uma mol\u00e9cula menor e sem atua\u00e7\u00e3o enzim\u00e1tica para comparar com os dados recolhidos do espa\u00e7o.<\/p>\n

O Glucagon \u00e9 um horm\u00f4nio pept\u00eddico que em humanos tem sua estrutura prim\u00e1ria formada por 29 amino\u00e1cidos [4]. Um nome mais conhecido de horm\u00f4nio pept\u00eddico \u00e9 a insulina, que \u00e9 composta por 51 amino\u00e1cidos em humanos. A t\u00edtulo de compara\u00e7\u00e3o com as descobertas no espa\u00e7o, sua tabela ficaria assim:<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Tabela do Horm\u00f4nio Pept\u00eddico Glucagon<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Sigla<\/b><\/td>\nNome<\/b><\/td>\nOcorr\u00eancia<\/b><\/td>\nF\u00f3rmula<\/b><\/td>\n\u00c1tomos<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
His<\/td>\nHistidina<\/td>\n1<\/td>\nC6H9N3O2<\/td>\n20 (20)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ser<\/td>\nSerina<\/td>\n4<\/td>\nC3H7NO3<\/td>\n14 (56)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gln<\/td>\nGlutamina<\/td>\n3<\/td>\nC5H10N2O3<\/td>\n20 (60)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gly<\/td>\nGlicina<\/td>\n1<\/td>\nC2H5NO2<\/td>\n10 (10)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Thr<\/td>\nTreonina<\/td>\n3<\/td>\nC4H9NO3<\/td>\n17 (51)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Phe<\/td>\nFenilanina<\/td>\n2<\/td>\nC9H11NO2<\/td>\n23 (46)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Asp<\/td>\n\u00c1cido Asp\u00e1rtico<\/td>\n3<\/td>\nC4H7NO4<\/td>\n16 (48)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tyr<\/td>\nTirosina<\/td>\n2<\/td>\nC9H11NO3<\/td>\n24 (48)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lys<\/td>\nLisina<\/td>\n1<\/td>\nC6H14N2O2<\/td>\n24 (24)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Leu<\/td>\nLeucina<\/td>\n2<\/td>\nC6H13NO2<\/td>\n22 (44)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Arg<\/td>\nArginina<\/td>\n2<\/td>\nC6H14N4O2<\/td>\n26 (52)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ala<\/td>\nAlanina<\/td>\n1<\/td>\nC3H7NO2<\/td>\n13 (13)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Val<\/td>\nValina<\/td>\n1<\/td>\nC5H11NO2<\/td>\n19 (19)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Trp<\/td>\nTript\u00f3fano<\/td>\n1<\/td>\nC11H12N2O2<\/td>\n27 (27)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Met<\/td>\nMetionina<\/td>\n1<\/td>\nC5H11NO2S<\/td>\n20 (20)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Asn<\/td>\nAsparagina<\/td>\n1<\/td>\nC4H8N2O3<\/td>\n17 (17)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
#<\/td>\n#<\/td>\n29<\/strong><\/td>\n#<\/td>\n555 (Total)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

Veja que um pequeno horm\u00f4nio de 29 amino\u00e1cidos exige 555 \u00e1tomos (remanescem 471 \u00e1tomos ap\u00f3s s\u00edntese). Uma prote\u00edna m\u00e9dia em arqueobact\u00e9rias possui cerca de 247 amino\u00e1cidos [5]. Veja abaixo a sequ\u00eancia de amino\u00e1cidos da enzima fosfogliceromutase [6], que participa com outras 9 enzimas em uma sequ\u00eancia metab\u00f3lica fundamental, a glic\u00f3lise:<\/p>\n

MHLILVRHGE SLWNRENRFT GWVDVPLTEK GREEAKRAGK LIKGYRIDVA YTSVLSRATE TLDIILEEMG VKVPIIRDQA LNERHYGNLQ GLNKEETARI YGEEQVKAWR RSYSIRPPGG ESLEDTQKRT VPFFKNCILM DVKLGKNVLV VAHGNSLRSI VMYIENISPE KIPFVEIPTG VPIVYLMSKE NKMIDKKVLN ESNGQN<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Esta sequ\u00eancia acima possui 206 amino\u00e1cidos e deve possuir 3353 \u00e1tomos segundo uma ferramenta (ProtParam tool)<\/a> do ExPASy<\/a>. Ela est\u00e1 longe de atuar nas atividades desej\u00e1veis para a emerg\u00eancia da vida, mesmo assim \u00e9 inimagin\u00e1vel que seja alcan\u00e7ada a partir das tend\u00eancias naturais.<\/p>\n

\u00c9 isto.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Asteroides e meteoritos<\/div>
\nOs asteroides e meteoritos n\u00e3o foram inclusos nesta contagem, eu penso que eles apresentam as melhores mol\u00e9culas poss\u00edveis.
\n<\/div><\/div>\n
\n

Nota: <\/strong> Em certa ocasi\u00e3o o Dr. Galante mencionou como fonte sempre atualizada a p\u00e1gina do Instituto de F\u00edsica da Universidade de Col\u00f4nia (acessar): no endere\u00e7o consta 209 mol\u00e9culas contra 204 da publica\u00e7\u00e3o apresentada.<\/p>\n

Refer\u00eancia<\/strong><\/p>\n[1] MCGUIRE, Brett A. 2018 Census of Interstellar, Circumstellar, Extragalactic, Protoplanetary Disk, and Exoplanetary Molecules<\/a>. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, v. 239, n. 2, p. 17, 2018. (PDF)<\/a>
\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4365\/aae5d2<\/p>\n[2]\u00a0GOODMAN, Geoffrey; ERIC GERSHWIN, M.; BERCOVICH, Dani. Fullerene and the origin of life<\/a>.\u00a0IMAJ-Israel Medical Association Journal<\/b>, v. 14, n. 10, p. 602, 2012.<\/p>\n[3] Smallest known enzyme (acessar<\/a>).
\nObs: provavelmente \u00e9 a 4-Oxalocrotonate tautomerase<\/em>.<\/p>\n[4] Glucagon (acessar)<\/a>.
\nDo res\u00edduo 53 ao 81 de 180 (hsqgtftsdyskyldsrraqdfvqwlmnt).<\/em><\/p>\n[5] Median protein length of 15 archaeal species (acessar<\/a>).<\/p>\n[6] phosphoglyceromutase [Candidatus Acidianus copahuensis] (acessar<\/a>).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Um artigo publicado no The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series em Novembro do ano passado faz um levantamento de todas as mol\u00e9culas encontradas no meio interestelar, […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5052,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[110,395,402,442,624,625,697],"class_list":["post-5040","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-geral","tag-astrobiologia","tag-evolucao-quimica","tag-exobiologia","tag-formacao-espontanea","tag-moleculas-do-espaco","tag-moleculas-espontaneas","tag-origem-da-vida"],"yoast_head":"\nTudo que o Espa\u00e7o Conseguiu Produzir em Mol\u00e9culas Complexas At\u00e9 Agora » Portal TDI Brasil +<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Um artigo publicado no The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series em Novembro do ano passado faz um levantamento de 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