{"id":4868,"date":"2018-12-12T06:35:39","date_gmt":"2018-12-12T08:35:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tdibrasil.org\/?p=4868"},"modified":"2026-06-15T19:41:32","modified_gmt":"2026-06-15T22:41:32","slug":"mais-pontos-sobre-os-ervs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tdibrasil.org\/index.php\/2018\/12\/12\/mais-pontos-sobre-os-ervs\/","title":{"rendered":"Mais Pontos Sobre os ERVs"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Por\u00a0Jonathan M.<\/strong>\u00a0(adapta\u00e7\u00e3o)<\/em><\/p>\n

Nos meus dois artigos anteriores (<\/span>aqui<\/span><\/a>\u00a0e\u00a0<\/span>aqui<\/span><\/a>), explorei algumas das informa\u00e7\u00f5es b\u00e1sicas relativas \u00e0 integra\u00e7\u00e3o de elementos retrovirais em genomas de primatas e os v\u00e1rios argumentos para ancestralidade comum que s\u00e3o baseados neles.\u00a0Eu explorei, com algum detalhe, a evid\u00eancia de ancestralidade comum baseada na localiza\u00e7\u00e3o compartilhada de sequ\u00eancias retrovirais.\u00a0Neste artigo final, discutirei os dois pontos remanescentes que s\u00e3o levantados no\u00a0<\/span>artigo de n\u00edvel popular<\/span><\/a>\u00a0que venho examinando.<\/span><\/p>\n

Muta\u00e7\u00f5es Compartilhadas?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Com rela\u00e7\u00e3o aos \u201cerros\u201d compartilhados entre genomas de primatas, esse argumento novamente assume que as muta\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o aleat\u00f3rias e \u00e9 improv\u00e1vel que ocorram de forma convergente.\u00a0<\/span>Cuevas\u00a0<\/span>et al.\u00a0<\/span><\/em>(2002)<\/span><\/a>, no entanto, documentaram, em retrov\u00edrus, a ocorr\u00eancia de converg\u00eancias\u00a0moleculares em 12 s\u00edtios vari\u00e1veis \u200b\u200bem linhagens independentes.\u00a0Algumas dessas muta\u00e7\u00f5es convergentes ocorreram em regi\u00f5es interg\u00eanicas (mudan\u00e7as em que normalmente se pensa serem seletivamente neutras) e tamb\u00e9m em sit\u00edos sin\u00f4nimos.\u00a0Os autores tamb\u00e9m observam que esta observa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 bastante difundida entre clones de v\u00edrus HIV-1 em humanos e em cepas de SHIV isoladas de s\u00edmios, macacos e humanos.<\/span><\/p>\n

Como os autores observam:<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Uma das caracter\u00edsticas mais surpreendentes ilustradas na Figura 1 \u00e9 a grande quantidade de converg\u00eancias evolutivas observadas entre linhagens independentes.\u00a0<\/span>Doze dos locais vari\u00e1veis \u200b\u200bforam compartilhados por diferentes linhagens.\u00a0<\/span>Mais surpreendentemente, converg\u00eancias tamb\u00e9m ocorreram dentro de s\u00edtios\u00a0e regi\u00f5es interg\u00eanicas.\u00a0<\/span>Converg\u00eancias evolutivas durante a adapta\u00e7\u00e3o de linhagens virais sob condi\u00e7\u00f5es ambientais artificiais id\u00eanticas foram descritas anteriormente (Bull et al. 1997; Wichman et al. 1999; Fares et al. 2001).\u00a0<\/span>No entanto, esse fen\u00f4meno \u00e9 observado n\u00e3o apenas no laborat\u00f3rio.\u00a0<\/span>\u00c9 tamb\u00e9m uma observa\u00e7\u00e3o relativamente difundida entre os clones do v\u00edrus da imunodefici\u00eancia humana (HIV)-1 isolados de pacientes tratados com diferentes drogas antivirais;\u00a0<\/span>mudan\u00e7as paralelas s\u00e3o frequentes, muitas vezes seguindo uma mesma ordem de ocorr\u00eancia (Larder et al. 1991; Boucher et al. 1992;\u00a0<\/span>Kellam et al.\u00a0<\/span>1994;\u00a0<\/span>Condra et al.\u00a0<\/span>1996;\u00a0<\/span>Martinez-Picado et al.\u00a0<\/span>2000).\u00a0<\/span>Substitui\u00e7\u00f5es subsequentes podem conferir n\u00edveis crescentes de resist\u00eancia a drogas ou, alternativamente, podem compensar efeitos delet\u00e9rios pleiotr\u00f3picos de muta\u00e7\u00f5es anteriores (Molla et al. 1996; Martinez-Picado et al. 1999; Nijhuis et al. 1999).\u00a0<\/span>Al\u00e9m disso, foram observadas converg\u00eancias moleculares entre os v\u00edrus de imunodefici\u00eancia s\u00edmia-humana quim\u00e9rica (cepa SHIV-vpu +) isolados de macacas nemestrinas, macacos rhesus e humanos ap\u00f3s infec\u00e7\u00f5es cr\u00f4nicas ou r\u00e1pida passagem do v\u00edrus (Hofmann-Lehmann et al. 2002)<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Eu poderia citar v\u00e1rios outros estudos semelhantes. Para outro exemplo de caso, ver Bull et al. (1997).<\/p>\n

LTRs e Filogenia<\/strong><\/p>\n

O outro argumento oferecido pelo\u00a0<\/span>artigo<\/span><\/a>\u00a0refere-se \u00e0s filogenias de primatas em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s sequ\u00eancias de repeti\u00e7\u00e3o terminal longa (LTR).\u00a0Como as LTRs s\u00e3o id\u00eanticas no momento da integra\u00e7\u00e3o, argumenta-se que, se as sequ\u00eancias\u00a05\u2032 e 3\u2032 LTR forem muito diferentes em rela\u00e7\u00e3o uma \u00e0 outra, isso deve corresponder a uma inser\u00e7\u00e3o mais antiga.\u00a0O problema \u00e9 que o padr\u00e3o n\u00e3o \u00e9 nada t\u00e3o limpo e arrumado como muitos darwinistas gostariam que pens\u00e1ssemos.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uma das principais dificuldades associadas \u00e0 tentativa de construir filogenias com base na diverg\u00eancia entre as LTR 5′ e 3′ \u00e9 que se baseia na suposi\u00e7\u00e3o cr\u00edtica de que as sequ\u00eancias\u00a0de LTR 5′ e 3′ est\u00e3o adquirindo muta\u00e7\u00f5es independentemente umas das outras.\u00a0No entanto, o fen\u00f4meno da convers\u00e3o do gene de LTR cruzada pode resultar em um grau muito menor de diverg\u00eancia, tornando, assim, esse m\u00e9todo para inferir o tempo desde que a integra\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 suspeita.<\/span><\/p>\n

Os autores observam:<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Descobrimos que a convers\u00e3o g\u00eanica desempenha um papel significativo na evolu\u00e7\u00e3o molecular de LTRs em primatas e roedores, mas a extens\u00e3o \u00e9 bem diferente.\u00a0Em roedores, a maioria dos LTRs est\u00e1 sujeita a extensiva convers\u00e3o g\u00eanica que reduz a diverg\u00eancia, de modo que o m\u00e9todo baseado em diverg\u00eancia resulta em uma s\u00e9ria subestima\u00e7\u00e3o do tempo de inser\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Em primatas, esse efeito \u00e9 limitado a uma pequena propor\u00e7\u00e3o de LTRs.\u00a0A explica\u00e7\u00e3o mais prov\u00e1vel da diferen\u00e7a envolve o comprimento m\u00ednimo da sequ\u00eancia de intera\u00e7\u00e3o (segmento de processamento eficiente m\u00ednimo [SPEM]) para a convers\u00e3o do gene de interloco<\/em>.\u00a0Uma estimativa emp\u00edrica de SPEM em humanos \u00e9 de 300-500 pb, o que excede o comprimento da maioria das LTRs analisadas.\u00a0Em contraste, o SPEM para ratos deve ser muito menor.\u00a0Assim, SPEM pode ser um fator importante para determinar a suscetibilidade de LTRs \u00e0 convers\u00e3o g\u00eanica.\u00a0<\/span>Conclui-se que o m\u00e9todo da diverg\u00eancia para estimar o tempo de inser\u00e7\u00e3o deve ser aplicado com especial cautela, pois pelo menos alguns LTRs sofrem convers\u00e3o g\u00eanica.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>[enfase adicionada]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Resumo<\/strong><\/p>\n

Para resumir, observamos nos \u00faltimos tr\u00eas posts que o caso da ancestralidade comum de primatas n\u00e3o \u00e9 t\u00e3o forte e cortante quanto muitos bi\u00f3logos evolucionistas gostariam que fosse.\u00a0Enquanto se pode encontrar um punhado de ERVs que ocupam o mesmo loci<\/em>, uma inspe\u00e7\u00e3o adicional revela que eles s\u00e3o frequentemente eventos independentes.<\/span><\/p>\n

Na aus\u00eancia de um mecanismo naturalista vi\u00e1vel para explicar<\/span>\u00a0como<\/span><\/em>\u00a0evolu\u00e7\u00e3o a partir de um ancestral comum poderia ter ocorrido, como podemos ter tanta certeza de que ele<\/span>\u00a0tinha<\/span><\/em>\u00a0que ocorrer?\u00a0Nesse caso, deve-se razoavelmente esperar que haja alguma evid\u00eancia espetacular de ancestralidade comum.\u00a0Infelizmente para os darwinistas, no entanto, as evid\u00eancias de ancestralidade comum s\u00e3o de contar nos dedos.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Original:\u00a0Jonathan M.<\/strong> Mais pontos sobre os ERVs<\/a>. 28 de maio de 2011.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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